An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators. At the moment it seemed that he could not possibly resist his enemies. Edict of NantesIssued on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France; granted the Huguenots substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. Early Modern France. The French Wars of Religion is the name for a total of eight wars fought in France, in the 16th century.The wars opposed Catholics and Protestants.The protestants were also called huguenots.The Catholics won, ending with the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, committed in the night between 23rd and 24th August 1572.Peace was strengthened with the Treaty of Nantes in 1598. One of the most infamous events of the Wars of Religion was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572, when Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris. In July 1589, in the royal camp at Saint-Cloud, a Dominican monk named Jacques Clément gained an audience with the King and drove a long knife into his spleen. The wars weakened the authority of the monarchy, already fragile under the rule of Francis II and then Charles IX, though the monarchy later reaffirmed its role under Henry IV. The Huguenots, as French Protestants were called, constituted about 10 percent of the French population, some 1.6 million persons, in 1560. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, as well as many re-conversions by the rank and file, and those who remained were increasingly radicalized. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, They used the struggle threats to enlarge their own opinionated supremacy (Heller 63). The French Wars of Religion were a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598. The edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. Mack P. Holt offers an insightful analysis into the causes of the French Wars of Religion, from 1562-1629. Browse other articles of this reference work: The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Learn More. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following. The Affair of the Placards began in 1534 when Protestants started putting up anti-Catholic posters. https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-protestant-reformation-12/protestantism-56/the-french-wars-of-religion-213-13327/, Discuss how the patterns of warfare that took place in France affected the Huguenots. . Clément was killed on the spot, taking with him the information of who, if anyone, had hired him. The pattern of warfare followed by brief periods of peace continued for nearly another quarter-century. Outside of Paris, the killings continued until October 3. The Swiss were his allies, and had come to invade France to free him from subjection, but Henry III insisted that their invasion was not in his favor, but against him, forcing them to return home. The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) is the name of a period of civil infighting and military operations primarily between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). Learn more. The role of the English, Scottish, Spanish, Savoyard. The proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, finally quelled the uprisings. Fighting continued between Henry IV and the Catholic League for almost a decade. Constable Anne de Montmorency's three nephews provided crucial leadership for the Huguenots, especially Gaspard de Coligny, whom Henry II named admiral in 1552. French Wars of Religion. The appeal of Protestantism was strongest among the urban bourgeoisie, and Protestants were most numerous in the cities, especially those of the southwest. Henry’s forces were victorious and he went on to lay siege to Paris. To the left rear, Catherine de’ Medici is shown emerging from the Château du Louvre to inspect a heap of bodies. Working off-campus? Francis I continued his policy of seeking a middle course in the religious rift in France until an incident called the Affair of the Placards. Calvinism, a form of Protestant religion, was introduced by John Calvin, who was born in Noyon, Picardy, in 1509, and fled France in 1536 after the Affair of the Placards. Later, Louis Bourbon would become a major figure among the Huguenots of France. It was a three-way war fought between: The war began when the Catholic League convinced King Henry III to issue an edict outlawing Protestantism and annulling Henry of Navarre’s right to the throne. Protestant ideas were first introduced to France during the reign of Francis I, who firmly opposed Protestantism, but continued to try and seek a middle course until the later stages of his regime. This marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Antoine married Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, who converted him to Protestantism, but he vacillated in his commitment; Condé was more ardent in his new faith. Henry of Navarre sought foreign aid from the German princes and Elizabeth I of England. It is believed to have started with Louis Bourbon, Prince of Condé, who, while returning home to France from a military campaign, passed through Geneva, Switzerland, and heard a sermon by a Calvinist preacher. Of even higher rank were Antoine de Bourbon and his brother Louis de Condé, who as members of a cadet branch of the royal family were princes of blood. As the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility to them grew, even though the French crown offered increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration. Learn about our remote access options. The king’s actions were viewed with contempt. Real PresenceA term used in various Christian traditions to express belief that in the Eucharist, Jesus Christ is really present in what was previously just bread and wine, and not merely present in symbol. The edict established Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. In 1551, Henry issued the Edict of Châteaubriant, which sharply curtailed Protestant rights to worship, assemble, or even discuss religion at work, in the fields, or over a meal. King Henry III of France, supported by the royalists and the politiques; King Henry of Navarre, leader of the Huguenots and heir-presumptive to the French throne, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the Protestant princes of Germany; and. The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) is the name of a period of civil infighting and military operations primarily between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). King Francis I died on March 31, 1547, and was succeeded to the throne by his son Henry II. The French Wars of Religion (1562–98) is the name given to a period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants ().The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise (), and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Born circa 1529 in Amiens, Dubois settled in Switzerland. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict gave many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the state and to bring grievances directly to the king. For the first part of the war, the royalists and the Catholic League were uneasy allies against their common enemy, the Huguenots. Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, funded and supported by Philip II of Spain. On his deathbed, Henri III called for Henry of Navarre, and begged him, in the name of statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused. The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598. Uses of … He named Henry Navarre as his heir, who became Henry IV. The French Wars of Religion should absolutely be fleshed out. During the wars, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles. The Catholic League had put its preachers to good use. Non-topical/index: Uses of Wikidata Infobox. Between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 people were killed as a result of war, famine, and disease, and at the conclusion of the conflict in 1598, Huguenots were granted substantial rights and freedoms by the Edict of Nantes, though it did not end hostility towards them. Get your first paper with 15% OFF. The massacre also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. Drawing on the scholarship of social and cultural historians of the Reformation, it shows how religion infused both politics and the socio-economic tensions of the period to produce a long extended civil war. The massacre began on the night of August 23, 1572 (the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle), two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. A series of civil wars in France motivated by religious divisions, political rivalries, and economic problems. Wars of France. The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Crucial for the coming civil wars were the many French nobles who became Protestants, including several of the highest‐ranking men of the realm. Renaissance warfare. Religious persecution in France. Protestant ideas were first introduced to France during the reign of Francis I (1515–1547) in the form of Lutheranism, the teachings of Martin Luther, and circulated unimpeded for more than a year around Paris. We will write a custom Essay on The French wars of religion specifically for you! This book is a 2005 edition of Mack P. Holt's classic study of the French religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1560, Jeanne d’Albret, Queen regnant of Navarre, converted to Calvinism possibly due to the influence of Theodore de Beze. The Huguenot exodus. The wars were interrupted by breaks in peace that only lasted temporarily as the Huguenots’ trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe and Protestant demands became grander. Henry III successfully prevented the junction of the German and Swiss armies. Template:History of France The French Wars of Religion (1562–98) is the name given to a period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ). An organized influx of Calvinist preachers from Geneva and elsewhere during the 1550s succeeded in setting up hundreds of underground Calvinist congregations in France. His power was effectively limited to Blois, Tours, and the surrounding districts. However, the Massacre of Vassy in 1562 is agreed to have begun the Wars of Religion; up to a hundred Huguenots were killed in this massacre. One of the most infamous events of the wars was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572, when thousands of Huguenots were killed by Catholics. As the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility to them grew, spurning eight civil wars from 1562 to 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots’ trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. Despite the reputation of Henry II (r. 1547–1559) as an ardent defender of Catholicism, Protestantism grew rapidly during his reign. Open war erupted between the royalists and the Catholic League. At the time the Guise family were very rich and powerful. Huguenot Wars: see Religion, Wars of Religion, Wars of, 1562–98, series of civil wars in France, also known as the Huguenot Wars. In these dark times the King of France finally reached out to his cousin and heir, the King of Navarre. Henry II continued the harsh religious policy that his father had followed during the last years of his reign. This famous series examines key themes in British, European and World history in short, succinct volumes. The king ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris and beyond. The immediate issue was the French Protestants' struggle for freedom of worship and the right of establishment (see Huguenots). The rise of the Bourbons. The text is supported by primary material in a Documents section, a full bibliography and an index; … Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow215. As on the other side ultra-Catholic and anti-royalist doctrines were closely associated, so on the side of the two kings the principles of tolerance and royalism were united. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. The first seven wars (1562-1563, 1567-1568, 1568-1570, 1572-1573, 1575-1577, 1577, 1579-1580) had common features: a split society between Catholics and Protestants, fragmented and erratic military operations, and peace edicts that were more like truces than real peace. The posters were extreme in their anti-Catholic content—specifically, the absolute rejection of the Catholic doctrine of “Real Presence.” Protestantism became identified as “a religion of rebels,” helping the Catholic Church to more easily define Protestantism as heresy. The supporters of The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when it was politically expedient. 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