Each group of five had its specific assignment. But some strange force makes them hurry on in silence, not looking back, not asking questions, toward an opening—an opening in a barbed-wire wall, six meters high, that has been threaded with branches. . The hell of Treblinka. . Factories of Death", Original depositions of Polish citizens who testified before the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland after World War II, International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treblinka_extermination_camp&oldid=1016176968, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, first West German estimate; used during trial of, Director of the Central Authority for Investigation into Nazi Crime in, discovered in 2001; official Nazi estimate up to the end of 1942, Polish historian responsible for the first estimate of the death count based on 156 transports with 5,000 prisoners each, published in his monograph, uses Franciszek Ząbecki's evidence and evidence from the ghettos, Israeli historian who estimates 763,000 deaths between July 1942 and April 1943 alone, from "Treblinka: Chronology" article; excludes the deaths from forced labour in Treblinka I, second West German estimate; used during trial of, revision of Franciszek Ząbecki's estimate by his son Piotr, head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard, head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers), transferred to Berlin due to incompetence, promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt, The information in the rows with an empty last column comes from. [13][14], The second camp, Treblinka II, was an extermination camp (Vernichtungslager), referred to euphemistically as the SS-Sonderkommando Treblinka by the Nazis. The quarry, spread over an area of 17 hectares (42 acres), supplied road construction material for German military use and was part of the strategic road-building programme in the war with the Soviet Union. [243], Treblinka museum receives most visitors per day during the annual March of the Living educational programme which brings young people from around the world to Poland, to explore the remnants of the Holocaust. [8] In 1947 the Polish historian Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz estimated the death count as 780,000,[8][205] based on the accepted record of 156 transports with an average of 5,000 prisoners each. And only somewhere thousands of kilometers distant, on the banks of the Volga, is the Soviet artillery pounding away, obstinately proclaiming the determination of the Russian people to fight to the death for liberty, calling upon every nation to join in the battle. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Thus the acts and thoughts of a madman are a distorted reflection of the acts and thoughts of a normal person. Otto Horn (corpse detail) was acquitted. And why did the railway line end just beyond the station? Not always, however, did things go so smoothly. [207][8], A chief witness for the prosecution at Düsseldorf in the 1965, 1966, 1968 and 1970 trials was Franciszek Ząbecki, who was employed by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as a rail traffic controller at Treblinka village from 22 May 1941. Eupen worked closely with the SS and German police commanders in Warsaw during the deportation of Jews in early 1943 and had prisoners brought to him from the Warsaw Ghetto for the necessary replacements. [102] One survivor testified that Ivan killed an infant by bashing it against a wall;[103] and another claimed that he raped a young girl before cutting her abdomen open and letting her bleed to death. There was something sinister and terrifying about this square that had been trodden by millions of feet. Even if there had been not just thousands but tens of thousands of witnesses, not one of them would have said a word. [92] According to some, his poor organisational skills caused the operation of Treblinka to turn disastrous; others point out that the number of transports that were coming in reflected the Nazi high command's wildly unrealistic expectations of Treblinka's ability to "process" these prisoners. The main thing in the next stage of processing the new arrivals was to break their will. Malnutrition and lack of medicine led to soaring mortality rates. . And once again during these brief moments the people who had come out into the square found themselves noticing all kinds of alarming and incomprehensible trifles. Where were the lines to Bialystok, Siedlce, Warsaw, and Wolkowice? Chełmno (German: Kulmhof) was a testing ground for the establishment of faster methods of killing and incinerating bodies. A la Libération, il est l'un des 57 survivants parmi les 750 000 Juifs envoyés à Treblinka pour y être gazés. . The station building was razed; last of all, the track was dismantled and the crossties removed. . The writer talks of three million deaths at Treblinka 2. [168] A Hiwi guard called Oswald Strebel, a Ukrainian Volksdeutscher (ethnic German), was given permission to bring his family from Ukraine for "reasons of surveillance", wrote Globocnik; Strebel had worked as a guard at Treblinka II. Auschwitz-Birkenau was used to kill Jews from almost every other country in Europe. But no, no, this was impossible. This was a critical moment: the moment when daughters were separated from fathers, mothers from sons, grandmothers from grandsons, husbands from wives. [166] Auschwitz had enough capacity to fulfil the Nazis' remaining extermination needs, rendering Treblinka redundant. This sense of alarm always lasted a little while, perhaps two or three minutes, until everyone had made their way to the square. The defenders of Stalingrad have now reached Treblinka; from the Volga to the Vistula turned out to be no distance at all. The fenced-off area of the camp proper, including the station platform, storerooms for the executed people's belongings, and other auxiliary premises, is extremely small: 780 by 600 meters [2,925 by 1,968 feet]. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Final Solution. [88][89], The rail traffic on Polish railway lines was extremely dense. [215] A considerable number of other estimates followed: see table (below). . And once again one cannot but pay homage to the men who—at a time of universal silence, when a world now so full of the clamor of victory was saying not a word—battled on in Stalingrad, by the steep bank of the Volga, against a German army to the rear of which lay gurgling, smoking rivers of innocent blood. According to court judgement of the 1st Treblinka trial in Düsseldorf. Stangl had a reputation as a competent administrator with a good understanding of the project's objectives, and Globocnik trusted that he would be capable of resuming control. A large tunnel was dug beneath the ammunition store. A third group was to attack the armored vehicles. [233] It took another six years before Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal tracked him down and triggered his arrest. Some were supporting the old and the sick. They thought it funny that the old men should try to squat down on their little suitcases, that some should be carrying books under their arms, that the sick should moan and groan and have scarves tied around their necks. [196] When the war ended, destitute and starving locals started walking up the Black Road (as they began to call it) in search of man-made nuggets shaped from melted gold in order to buy bread. It is constructed from melted basalt and has a concrete foundation. Treblinka I, a labor or penal camp, was located next to the quarry, not far from the edge of the forest. Did they really think they could silence the still-living witnesses who had seen the Treblinka executioner's block in operation from its first days until August 2, 1943, the last day of its existence? [122] Subsequently, the Nazi leadership, concerned about covering up their own crimes, issued the secret orders to exhume the corpses buried at death camps and burn them instead. Many different traits of the German character, distorted by the terrible mirror of Hitler's regime, find expression in this camp. Nothing in this camp was adapted for life; everything was adapted for death. [52] He ran the camp with several SS men and almost 100 Hiwi guards. On the contrary, this happy day dawned thanks to insane audacity—thanks to the insane audacity of people who had nothing to lose. Treblinka was a death camp built 60 miles north-east of Warsaw. Most, in fact, were sent to the gas chambers after only a few days of work and were replaced by people from new contingents. [189], Kurt Franz maintained a photo album against orders never to take photographs inside Treblinka. And a story as old as the world was repeated once more: creatures who had behaved as if they were representatives of a higher race; creatures who had shouted "Achtung! Most of these were sent to Jewish ghettos in the General Government, such as those in Warsaw and Łódź. In 1949, the town of Sokołów Podlaski protected the camp with a new fence and gate. [92] In extreme cases such as the Biała Podlaska transport of 6,000 Jews travelling only a 125-kilometre (78 mi) distance, up to 90 percent of people were already dead when the sealed doors were opened. An executioner's block, probably, such as the entire universe has never seen. [216] The number of deaths was probably higher, according to the Armia Krajowa communiqués. Chronicles of Terror - Repository (2017), This page was last edited on 5 April 2021, at 20:00. The 300 prisoners who operated the upper camp lived in separate barracks behind the gas chambers. 1. Treblinka w relacji Franciszka Ząbeckiego", "Franciszek Zabecki – The Station Master at Treblinka. The grills were destroyed, the excavators taken away, the vast pits filled in with earth. Twenty thousand people passed through Treblinka I during its three-year existence. They had double walls insulated by earth packed down in between. After visiting Treblinka on a guided tour, Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss concluded that using exhaust gas was inferior to the cyanide used at his extermination camp. [77] The SS cynically called it die Himmelstraße ("the road to heaven")[67] or der Schlauch ("the tube"). [77] The fumes could be seen seeping out. [121] The Germans formed the Katyn Commission to prove that the Soviets were solely responsible, and used radio broadcast and newsfilm to alert the Allies to this war crime. . In many cases the Germans forced their victims to buy train tickets for the station of "Ober-Majdan," a code word for Treblinka. The air shook from crashes and detonations; buildings collapsed; the buzzing of corpse flies was drowned out by the whistle of bullets. . Treblinka er en lille landsby i det masoviske voivodskab i Polen, omkring 80 km nordøst for Warszawa ved Warszawa-Bialystok-jernbanelinjen. Some kept their own towels. ISRAEL. [81], Unlike Nazi concentration camps in which prisoners were used as forced labour, extermination camps such as Treblinka had only one function: to kill those sent there. [53] The average length of a sentence was six months, but many prisoners had their sentences extended indefinitely. Himmler's minions are now telling the story of their crimes—a story so unreal that it seems like the product of insanity and delirium. The system was intended to isolate the Jews from the outside world in order to facilitate their exploitation and abuse. Two engineering firms, the Schönbronn Company of Leipzig and the Warsaw branch of Schmidt–Münstermann, oversaw the construction of both camps. Thus the delirious ravings occasioned by fever are an ugly, distorted reflection of what the patient thought and felt before he was ill. On August 2 the evil blood of the SS flowed onto the ground of the Hell that was Treblinka, and a radiant blue sky celebrated the moment of revenge. [208] In 1977 he published his book Old and New Memories,[209] in which he used his own records to estimate that at least 1,200,000 people died at Treblinka. The psychiatrists of death knew the simple laws that operate in slaughterhouses all over the world, laws which, in Treblinka, were exploited by brute beasts in order to deal with human beings. There were two camps at Treblinka: Treblinka I, a penal camp for prisoners of various nationalities, chiefly Poles; and Treblinka II, the Jewish camp. [244] In total 4,000 international students visited. . When we were about fifteen, twenty minutes' drive from Treblinka, we began to see corpses by the line, first just two or three, then more, and as we drove into Treblinka station, there were what looked like hundreds of them – just lying there – they'd obviously been there for days, in the heat. [25] The supply of food was inadequate, living conditions were cramped and unsanitary, and the Jews had no way to earn money. Hand grenades rang out as triumphantly as if they were the bells of truth. Lying here and there on the ground—which had evidently been swept only a few minutes before their arrival—were all kinds of abandoned objects: a bundle of clothing, some open suitcases, a few shaving brushes, some enameled saucepans. Best Sellers Rank: 410,075 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) 1,588 in Jewish Holocaust History. [38] The staff of Operation Reinhard, most of whom had been involved in the Action T4 involuntary euthanasia programme,[39] used T4 as a framework for the construction of new facilities. [168] The last two rail transports of Jews were brought to the camp for gassing from the Białystok Ghetto on 18 and 19 August 1943. He named it Schöne Zeiten ("Good Times"). "[126] The bodies burned for five hours, without the ashing of bones. ... De l… After the end of communism in Poland in 1989, the number of visitors coming to Treblinka from abroad increased. An earlier signboard with directions was removed because it was clearly insufficient. Several Trawniki guards were killed and 200 prisoners escaped from the camp;[17][18] almost a hundred survived the subsequent pursuit. Each mathematically precise assignment called for insane daring. [o] Half of them were killed after a chase in cars and on horses. It contained 8–10 gas chambers, each of which was 8 metres by 4 metres (26 ft by 13 ft), and it had a corridor in the centre. [206], The Treblinka trials of the 1960s took place in Düsseldorf and produced the two official West German estimates. Once, when she was working in the fields, she saw sixty people break out of a train and run toward the forest; all were shot before her eyes. The pit had not been filled in; it was still waiting. [238], The archaeological team performing the search discovered three new mass graves. [164], On 19 October 1943, Operation Reinhard was terminated by a letter from Odilo Globocnik. It was not without reason—but it was to no avail. EXCLUSIVE: Samuel Willenberg, left, was just 29 when he fled the horrors of the Treblinka death camp in August 1942. [125][126] He wrote that "the heat radiating from the pits was maddening. [158] Taigman stated of his experience, "It was hell, absolutely hell. Although it was a pure killing camp the number history gas come to is around 800,000. [104], The gas chambers were entirely closed off by a tall wooden fence. Throats choke. In his 1987 book Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Israeli historian Yitzhak Arad stated that at least 763,000 people were killed at Treblinka between July 1942 and April 1943. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Final Solution. [140] Replacements were selected from the new arrivals. I was simply doing my duty." After about 20 minutes the bodies were removed by dozens of Sonderkommandos, placed onto carts and wheeled away. A Soviet officer, wearing the green ribbon of the Defense of Stalingrad medal, takes down page after page of the murderers’ testimonies. [93] The deportees were told that they had arrived at a transit point on the way to Ukraine and needed to shower and have their clothes disinfected before receiving work uniforms and new orders. It was time to open the second doors, the doors to the platforms. The main gate for road traffic was erected on the north side. [32] It was not a part of Reinhard, which was marked by the construction of stationary facilities for mass murder. Franz was careful not to photograph the gas chambers. [154] After the explosion, Treblinka received only about 7,000 Jews from the capital for fear of similar incidents;[155] the remaining 42,000 Warsaw Jews were deported to Majdanek, instead. Someone, perhaps some wise old man, makes the effort to say, "Patience now—this is the end." There was a kitchen, a bakery, and dining rooms; all were equipped with high-quality items taken from Jewish ghettos. [124] During Franz Stangl's trial in 1969 the same court reassessed the number to be at least 900,000 after new evidence from Dr. Wolfgang Scheffler. The stories were hideous, almost beyond belief. [55], At any given time, Treblinka I had a workforce of 1,000–2,000 prisoners,[52] most of whom worked 12- to 14-hour shifts in the large quarry and later also harvested wood from the nearby forest as fuel for the open-air crematoria in Treblinka II. [232], The theft of cash and valuables, collected from the victims of gassing, was conducted by the higher-ranking SS men on an enormous scale. How did gasoline disappear, as if it had evaporated, from the camp stores? . [6] During this time, it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed in its gas chambers,[7][8] along with 2,000 Romani people. The star was soon identified as the logo of Polish ceramics factory manufacturing floor tiles, founded by Jan Dziewulski and brothers Józef and Władysław Lange (Dziewulski i Lange – D✡L since 1886), nationalised and renamed under communism after the war. Livre "L'enfer de Treblinka" de Vassili Grossman. . Like the Jews, the Romani were first rounded up and sent to the ghettos. [194] When the Soviets entered Treblinka on 16 August, the extermination zone had been levelled, ploughed over, and planted with lupins. ISBN-13 : 978-1500208721. When the trains arrived, SS men took over from the previous guards. [67] Chaim Sztajer, who was 34 at the time of the uprising, had survived 11 months as a Sonderkommando in Treblinka II and was instrumental in the coordination of the uprising between the two camps. A sixth would cut passages through the barbed wire. Treblinka. Survivors witnessed Ivan beat victims' heads open with a pipe, cut victims with a sword or a bayonet, cut off noses and ears, and gouge out eyes. How did the conspirators achieve this? Aucun camp n'avait été aussi loin dans la rationalisation de l'extermination de masse. The workers did not have enough time to bury them, and the mass graves were overflowing. This miserable wilderness was the place chosen by some official, and approved by SS Reichsführer Himmler, for the construction of a vast executioner's block—an executioner's block such as the human race has never seen, from the time of primitive barbarism to our own cruel days. [180] He became desensitised to the killings, and came to perceive prisoners not as humans but merely as "cargo" that had to be destroyed, he said. [169] They consisted of 76 wagons (37 the first day and 39 the second), according to a communiqué published by the Office of Information of the Armia Krajowa, based on observation of Holocaust trains passing through the village of Treblinka. Gustav Münzberger (gas chambers) received 12 years, Franz Suchomel (gold and money) 7 years, Otto Stadie (operation) 6 years, Erwin Lambert (gas chambers) 4 years, and Albert Rum (Totenlager) 3 years. [82] The victims were gassed to death with the exhaust fumes conducted through pipes from an engine of a Red Army tank. [163], After the revolt, Stangl met the head of Operation Reinhard, Odilo Globocnik, and inspector Christian Wirth in Lublin, and decided not to draft a report, as no native Germans had died putting down the revolt. . . To the east of Warsaw, along the Western Bug, lie sands and swamps, and thick evergreen and deciduous forests. As part of these operations, Jews from the surviving work detail dismantled the gas chambers brick-by-brick and used them to erect a farmhouse on the site of the camp's former bakery. Dans un carnet, il raconte ses dix mois en enfer. [14], The camp was operated by 20–25 German and Austrian members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände and 80–120 Wachmänner ("watchmen") guards who had been trained at a special SS facility in the Trawniki concentration camp near Lublin, Poland; all Wachmänner guards were trained at Trawniki. Confinement to the ghetto was evidently the first, preparatory stage of Hitler's plan for the extermination of the Jews. [91] Hundreds of prisoners died from exhaustion, suffocation and thirst while in transit to the camp in the overcrowded wagons. . [64] More Jews were brought in from surrounding settlements to work on the new railway ramp within the Camp 2 receiving area, which was ready by June 1942. [177], Stangl reorganised the camp, and the transports of Warsaw and Radom Jews began to arrive again on 3 September 1942. At the door stands a sentry, wearing the same green Stalingrad ribbon on his chest. Who had brought them? [108][109], German extermination camp near Treblinka, Poland in World War II, "Treblinka" redirects here. [119] According to Jankiel Wiernik, who survived the 1943 prisoner uprising and escaped, when the doors of the gas chambers had been opened, the bodies of the dead were standing and kneeling rather than lying down, due to the severe overcrowding. [u][226] The trial was delayed because the United States and the Soviet Union had lost interest in prosecuting German war crimes with the onset of the Cold War. In the pure, clear air flashed axes red with blood. The sculpture represents the trend toward large avant-garde forms introduced in the 1960s throughout Europe, with a granite tower cracked down the middle and capped by a mushroom-like block carved with abstract reliefs and Jewish symbols. The Goldjuden unit ("gold Jews") collected and counted banknotes and evaluated the gold and jewellery. Mothers were holding little children in their arms; elder children clung to their parents as they looked intently around. [88] The burning of unearthed corpses continued at full speed until the end of July. They died fighting, with guns in their hands. 1984 på 330.. Treblinka er primært kendt for den koncentrationslejr, som opførtes af Det Tredje Rige under 2. [42] The Treblinka II conspirators became increasingly concerned about their future as the amount of work for them began to decline. [168][170] The 39 wagons that came to Treblinka on 19 August 1943 were carrying at least 7,600 survivors of the Białystok Ghetto Uprising. [168], In late July 1944, Soviet forces began to approach from the east. The method of killing was established following a pilot project of mobile extermination conducted at Soldau and at Chełmno extermination camp that began operating in 1941 and used gas vans. [192] The fields of grain that had once fed the SS were burned. [82] Franz followed Globocnik and Stangl to Trieste in November. Why can't I love and have children?" The camp custodian's house (built nearby in 1960)[s] was turned into an exhibition space following the collapse of communism in Poland in 1989 and the retirement of the custodian; it opened in 2006. [79], A different group of about 300 men, called the Totenjuden ("Jews for the dead"), lived and worked in Camp 3 across from the gas chambers. The Nazis opened the first, Treblinka, 2.5 miles (4 km) from the railway station in December 1941 as a small forced-labour camp. Ząbecki witnessed the last set of five enclosed freight wagons carrying Sonderkommandos to the Sobibór gas chambers on 20 October 1943. There were no work uniforms, and inmates who lost their own shoes were forced to go barefoot or scavenge them from dead prisoners. He published an article called "The Hell Called Treblinka", which appeared in the November 1944 issue of Znamya, a monthly Russian literary magazine. [85] All new arrivals were sent immediately to the undressing area by the Bahnhofskommando squad that managed the arrival platform, and from there to the gas chambers. These people created an organizing committee for an uprising. [199], Neither the Jewish religious leaders in Poland nor the authorities allowed archaeological excavations at the camp out of respect for the dead. The main road within the camp was paved and named Seidel Straße[h] after Unterscharführer Kurt Seidel, the SS corporal who supervised its construction. These places are gloomy and deserted; there are few villages. Oskar Berger, a Jewish eyewitness, one of about 100 people who escaped during the 1943 uprising, told of the camp's state when he arrived there in August 1942: When we were unloaded, we noticed a paralysing view – all over the place there were hundreds of human bodies. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the village of Treblinka in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship. If anyone turned out to still be alive, if anyone groaned or stirred, they were finished off with a pistol shot. [189], The Treblinka I gravel mine functioned at full capacity under the command of Theodor van Eupen until July 1944, with new forced labourers sent to him by Kreishauptmann Ernst Gramss from Sokołów. Contribute to c4s4/treblinka development by creating an account on GitHub. This face is the face of justice—the people's justice. 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Million deaths at Treblinka product of insanity and delirium narrow-gauge tracks toward grave... Had to be an accomplice to the SS to shoot Jews assembled for suffocation wild! Or beaten to death with the Jews, most of those killed at Treblinka were Jews most! Il raconte ses dix mois en enfer the 300 prisoners who operated the upper camp lived in barracks! The 10-piece prisoner orchestra which he conducted attached to the Vistula '', with the Red Cross Sign on.! Located next to the Sobibór gas chambers on 20 October 1943 as part Operation! Deaths at Treblinka square stands a sentry, wearing the same system to carbon!: what brought the condemned this gift was not a part of Reinhard, Scharführer! 15 June 1943, but the guards and often shot suspicions came back to mind, rumors... Leave it alive assigned to work in the manufacture of socks for U-boat crews and hair-felt footwear the. Fire crackled from l' enfer de treblinka railway tracks by an earth bank built with supplies delivered from Warsaw and.., packed closely together the pure, clear air flashed axes Red with blood effort—through.
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