As a result, the M10’s armor was thin, which made it vulnerable to most German anti-tank weapons. Later, after encountering Soviet tanks, it was refitted with a comparatively short-barreled high-velocity anti-tank gun, usually with a muzzle brake, enabling it to function as a tank destroyer. [citation needed]. Tank destroyers as a branch are unusual because they originated out of fear of an Initially tank destroyer doctrine stressed fighting enemy tanks while tanks went after enemy infantry, but that resulted in outgunned tanks and too many tank destroyers. Another tank destroyer was the Mareşal, which is credited with being the inspiration for the German Jagdpanzer 38(t). The thesis was accepted on June 6th, 2003. Add media RSS new tank destroyer tactics doctrine (view original) embed share view previous next Share Image Share URL Share Image Embed Image Embed Embed Thumb Comments BC304. The Evolution and Demise of the U.S. Some provisions were made for the fitting of a 105 mm cannon, and many of the vehicles were modified to fire HOT or TOW missiles in place of a main gun. Flanking fire by TDs was emphasized, both to penetrate thinner enemy side armor, and to reduce the likelihood of accurate enemy return fire. It also relies on bringing at least about as many TDs as you have broken through tanks - which in France 1940 would have been realistic. One of the more successful German tank destroyers was actually designed as a self-propelled artillery gun, the Sturmgeschütz III. However, lightly armored anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) carriers are commonly used for supplementary long-range anti-tank work. Tank Destroyer Battalion and its application of tank destroyer doctrine during the Battle of Chambois from August 17-21, 1944, for which it won a Presidential Unit Citation. Most tank destroyers had a casemate, with a narrow range of travel for the gun, instead of a turret, and many early models were open-topped. The StuG III assault gun was Germany's most-produced fully tracked armoured fighting vehicle during World War II, and second-most produced German armored combat vehicle of any type after the Sd.Kfz. Lo in June 1944 Lightly-armored and heavily-armed, tank-destroyers proved effective against panzers by SEBASTIEN ROBLIN During the 1940s, the U.S. Army developed a special weapon to counter the tanks of the German Wehrmacht. As with the Germans of 1943, most of the Soviet designs mounted anti-tank guns, with limited traverse in casemate-style turretless hulls, in a general design format looking much like the Germans' own Jagdpanzer vehicles. U.S. tank destroyer doctrine doesn't only specify a vehicle and how to use it. The expectation that German tanks would be engaged in mass formation was a failed assumption. U.S. combined arms doctrine on the eve of World War II held that tanks should be designed to fulfill the role of forcing a breakthrough into enemy rear areas. the so-called blitzkrieg, tank destroyer doctrine involved the pooling of anti-tank weapons into . Initially this gave each troop (platoon) of Shermans one powerfully armed tank. Examples include the U.S. M901 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle) and the Norwegian NM142, both on an M113 chassis, several Soviet ATGM launchers based on the BRDM reconnaissance car, the British FV438 Swingfire and FV102 Striker and the German Raketenjagdpanzer series built on the chassis of the HS 30 and Marder IFV. While establishing its famous Tank Destroyer doctrine in 1941, the United States Armed Forces needed a standardized armored fighting vehicle which would lead the way to victory against the divisions of German cutting-edge panzers which sowed fear across Europe, deeming themselves invincible in the face of any opponent. By far the most common US design, and the first that was fully tracked and turreted (which became the American hallmark of World War II "tank destroyer" design) was the 3in Gun Motor Carriage M10, later supplemented by the 90 mm Gun Motor Carriage M36—both based on the M4 Sherman hull and powertrain—and the 76 mm Gun Motor Carriage M18 (Hellcat), based on a unique hull and powertrain design, with a slight visual resemblance to what was used for the later M24 Chaffee light tank. The 17 pounder was also used to re-equip the US-supplied M10 Tank Destroyer, replacing the American 3-inch gun to produce the 17pdr SP Achilles. The self-propelled guns that were built in the "tank destroyer" mould came about through the desire to field the QF 17 pounder anti-tank gun and simultaneous lack of suitable standard tanks to carry it. Tank Destroyer Doctrine in World War Two is a thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE.MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE. Captured Soviet 76.2 mm anti-tank guns were mounted on modified Panzer II chassis, producing the Marder II self-propelled anti-tank gun. And as infantry fighters, tanks didn't need a gun that could take out a tank. An example of the development of tank destroyer technology throughout the war are the Marder III and Jagdpanzer 38 vehicle, that were very different in spite of being based on the same chassis: Marder was straightforwardly an anti-tank gun on tracks whereas the Jagdpanzer 38 traded some firepower (its Pak 39, designed to operate within the confines of a fully armored fighting compartment, fires the same projectiles from a reduced propellant charge compared to Marder's Pak 40) for better armor protection and ease of concealment on the battlefield. Tank Destroyer Doctrine in World War Two is a thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE. In the late 1960s, West Germany developed the Kanonenjagdpanzer, essentially a modernized World War II Jagdpanzer mounting a 90 mm gun. The design of the vehicles was based on the U.S. Tanks are armoured fighting vehicles designed for front-line combat, combining operational mobility and tactical offensive and defensive capabilities; tanks perform all primary tasks of the armoured troops. British tanks in the early years of the war, both infantry and cruiser, were (with the exception of the pre-war Matilda I design) equipped with a gun capable of use against contemporary enemy tanks—the 40 mm Ordnance QF 2 pounder. [11] The open top and light armor made these tank destroyers vulnerable to anything greater than small-arms fire. Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995). The most common mounting was a German 75 mm anti-tank gun on the Czech Panzer 38(t) chassis to produce the Marder III. M10 tank destroyer American tank destroyer doctrine emphasized speed and gun power over armor. Remember that US tank destroyer doctrine was created to counter a German armoured breakthrough like those of France with armoured units charging forward of the infantry/heavy artillery. Missile carrying vehicles however are referred to as anti-tank missile carriers instead of tank destroyers. American tank destroyers were only supposed to move from the reserve to … Exposed to battlefield conditions which almost never resembled the feared blitzkrieg that spawned tank destroyer doctrine and development in the first place, the M18 was used more as a tank, and a lightly armored one at that. and higher and the massing of those b groups or even brigades. [15] The first prototypes were made on a modified T-60 hull and were equipped with a 122 mm Soviet howitzer. Once Operation Torch provided battlefield experience for the army to evaluate, it became apparent that more powerful tank destroyers would be needed. Another problem was that tank-destroyer doctrine presupposed moving into China has developed the tracked PTZ89 and the wheeled PTL02 tank destroyers. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. Like its fellow tank destroyer the M10, the M18 suffered from flaws in a doctrine that was never fully defined. Another gun, used by the late prototypes, was the Romanian 75 mm DT-UDR 26 Reşiţa. However, the lack of a rotating turret limited the gun's traverse to a few degrees. Delays led to it being outnumbered in use by the Sherman Firefly—but a derivative of Challenger was the more or less open-topped variant Avenger, which was delayed until post war before entering service. The latest entry into that category is the 2S25 Sprut-SD, armed with a current-issue 125 mm tank gun that is also capable of launching missiles like the 9M119 Svir. It was a doctrine created for a war that wasn’t, and that is a serious flaw. But same doctrine. Eventually the field realized tanks were the … After the Armistice of 1943, the 75/18 remained in use by German forces. The Tank Destroyer force was under the US Army Field Artillery. The Semovente da 75/18, based on the M13/40 frame, was developed to support front-line infantry, and therefore has fixed armament: a 75 mm gun in casemate. B.S., Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, 1990. US Tank Destroyer Doctrine The self-propelled anti-tank doctrine established by the US military called for fast, powerful vehicles able to stop the German blitzkrieg tactics … Only 11 of these were manufactured. Most of the tank-hull based designs used special open-topped turrets of a differing design to the original tank it was based on, which was meant to both save weight and to accommodate a larger gun. Another problem was that tank-destroyer doctrine presupposed moving into ambush positions after the German tanks had already overrun defending infantry. However, thanks to its low height (185 cm) and the caliber of its gun the 75/18 also had good results in anti-tank combat, fighting against British and American (but not Soviet) units. After the early, soon obsolete M10 Wolverine and the superfast M18 Hellcat, the US Army needed a more powerful gun and better armored vehicle to hunt down the latest developments in German tanks, including the Panther and Tigers. ", 1.) Although the early German Panzerjäger carried more effective weapons than the tanks on which they were based, they were generally lacking in protection for the crew, having thinly armored open-topped superstructures. The author will punctuate these events with three distinct battles that tank destroyers played a predominate role in and evaluate their successes and failures. It was prepared by Bryan E. Denny, MAJ, US ARMY B.S., Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, 1990. Another, considerably less successful, early design mounted a 37-mm anti-tank gun in the bed of a Dodge 3/4-ton truck—the 37-mm GMC M6. Unlike the other armoured fighting vehicles in the theatre, the tank destroyers were made to be placed in reserves to counter any breach in … Italy and Spain use the Italian-built Centauro, a wheeled tank destroyer with a 105 mm cannon. ". BALAGAN, like almost all Jacksons, is essentially an upgraded M10A1 tank destroyer. General Lesley J. McNair was head of the Army Ground Forces from 1942 to 1944. Some were little more than stopgap solutions, mounting an anti-tank gun on a tracked vehicle to give mobility, while others were more sophisticated designs. The turretless design allowed accommodation of a more powerful gun, typically a dedicated anti-tank gun (in lieu of a regular tank's general-purpose main gun that fired both anti-tank and high explosive ammunition) that had a longer barrel than could be mounted in a turreted tank on the same chassis. The fastest armored fighting vehicle employed by any side during the war, the M18 nevertheless suffered from a main It was prepared. Tank Destroyer Doctrine in the Second World War. Contrary to doctrine, commanders in the field asked them to perform most of the same tasks as regular tanks. [3][4] They were used as an anti-tank component of the reconnaissance units. U.S. Army doctrine held that tanks did not fight other tanks but supported infantry. The predecessor of the ISU 152 was the SU-152, built on the KV-1s chassis and shared many similarities (including its gun) with the ISU-152. However, most of the studies do not look at the successful application of tank destroyer doctrine in the field by tank destroyer battalions. The Tortoise "heavy assault tank", intended for use in breaking through fixed defensive lines, was well armoured and had a very powerful 32-pounder (94 mm) gun, but did not reach service use. American tank destroyer doctrine emphasized speed and gun power over armor. Similarly, Panzer II tanks were used on the eastern front. The PTZ89 is armed with a 120 mm smoothbore cannon while the PTL02, developed by NORINCO for the PLA's new light (rapid reaction) mechanized infantry divisions, carries a 100 mm one (a version armed with a 105 mm rifled gun is available for export). American tank destroyer doctrine during WWII was often muddled, fluctuating between an "offensive" (deliberately seeking out and destroying enemy tanks that threatened friendly units even before an attack, by ambush) and "defensive" (only protecting friendly forces from masses of attacking enemy tanks, also by ambush) spirit. Generally light armored and quick to produce, Tank Destroyers are designed to engage and destroy enemy armored vehicles. WKiŁ, Warszawa 1990, s. 72. As the crew abandoned their vehicle, they were easy targets for enemy machinegun fire. However, the M10 was still … Some gun-armed tank destroyers remain in use. As a result, they were of a somewhat extemporized nature. Born of a desperate need to counter the mechanized might of the so-called blitzkrieg, tank destroyer doctrine involved European Tank Destroyer Generally light armored and quick to produce, Tank Destroyers are designed to engage and destroy enemy armored vehicles. Built on the same frame, the Semovente da 105/25 was equipped with a 105 mm gun and known as "bassotto" (Italian for dachshund) due to its lower height. This paper will examine operations of the 773. rd. Strong reconnaissance elements were provided so that TDs could use pre-arranged firing positions to best advantage. They were first deployed to combat units in September 1944. Another tank destroyer was the TACAM R-2 created by removing the turret of the R-2 light tank (name of the Czechoslovakian LT vz. [citation needed]. McNair, a former artilleryman, advocated for the role of the tank destroyer (TD) within the U.S. Army. The M36 Jackson GMC possessed the only American-origin operational gun that could rival the vaunted 88 mm German anti-tank ordnance, the 90 mm M3 gun, and the M36 remained in service well after World War II. The ISU-152 built as a heavy assault gun, relied on the weight of the shell fired from its M-1937/43 howitzer to defeat tanks. Fifty-two deployed to the European theater and 10 to the Pacific. There have also been dedicated anti-tank vehicles built on ordinary armored personnel carrier or armored car chassis. The prototypes and plans were captured by the Soviets after they invaded Romania. The, author will punctuate these events with three distinct battles that tank destroyers played a, predominate role in and evaluate their successes and failures. Many forces' infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield. These upgraded variants remained in service into the 1990s.[18]. The reason that it is worth it on mp is that you have fast research access (assuming that you have researched main tank) for speciallized anti tank divisions in case you believe or see that your oppoment is producing lots of tanks… Panzer divisions would concentrate more than … Tweet. Nevertheless, in a war won through the training and adaptability of U.S. service members, the M18 proved it could fill a variety of tasks on the battlefield, and lives on as one of the vehicles used in the Allies’ victory in World War II. So whatever the TDs were "supposed" to do according to the field manuals you can safely ignore, as it had no relationship to the realities of >> Tank Destroyer Doctrine in World War Two is a thesis, presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army, Command and General Staff College in partial, MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE. After hard lessons early in the war, machine guns were mounted for use against infantry, but the limited traverse of the mounting meant that they were still less effective than those used on turreted tanks. [6] If the vehicle became immobilized due to engine failure or track damage, it could not rotate its gun to counter opposing tanks, making it highly vulnerable to counterfire. An M10 tank-destroyer in action near St. As the name implies, Tank Destroyers are effective against Main Battle Tanks, especially if the MBT’s are unaccompanied by mechanised infantry. Indeed, the British didn’t use it at all, they had only anti-tank guns. The result was a number of attempts to make a light vehicle, including the conventional ASU-85, the recoilless rifle-armed Ontos, and missile-armed Hornet Malkara armored car and Sheridan light assault vehicle. Dedicated anti-tank vehicles made their first major appearance in the Second World War as combatants developed effective armored vehicles and tactics. Tank destroyer doctrine attained official status in the form of the War Department's FM 18—5, Tank Destroyer Field Manual, Organization and Tactics of Tank Destroyer Units. The Evolution and Demise of the U.S. As the name implies, Tank Destroyers are effective against Main Battle Tanks , especially if the MBT’s are unaccompanied by mechanised infantry. Contact us. A further development was the Semovente da 75/46, which had a longer gun than the 75/18 and inclined armour 100 mm thick, making it similar to Sturmgeschütz III. One of these tank destroyers was the TACAM T-60 created on the hull of the Soviet T-60 light tank by removing its turret and adding a compartment together with a 76,2 FL-22 L/51 model 1936 gun. The intricacies and various details of the tank destroyer doctrine would cover many page – we’ll have to do with a shorter summary. doctrine in the field by tank destroyer battalions. It was employed in infantry support and offensive armored operations as well as in the defensive anti-tank role. The only turreted tank destroyer made by Romania was the Vânătorul de care R-35, created by extending the turret of the French Renault R-35 tank and adding to it a 45 mm gun instead of its 37 mm gun. Even the largest and most powerful of German tank destroyers were found abandoned on the field after a battle, having been immobilized by one or more hits by high explosive (HE) or armor-piercing (AP) shells to the track or front drive sprocket.[8]. Kliment, Charles K.; Francev, Vladimír (1997). The Soviets produced high numbers of the 85 mm SU-85 and 100 mm SU-100 self-propelled guns based on the same chassis as the T-34 medium tank; the heavier-duty powertrain and hull of the IS-2 heavy tank were instead used to produce the heavier-hitting 122 mm-armed ISU-122 and 152 mm-armed ISU-152, both of which had impressive anti-tank capabilities earning each of them the Russian nickname Zveroboy ("beast killer") for their ability to destroy German Tigers, Panthers and Elefants. As a result, the M10’s armor was thin, which made it vulnerable to most German anti-tank weapons. During World War 2, the Romanians made some tank destroyers by removing the turrets of some of their tanks and adding a compartment and a stronger gun that could face the new Soviet tanks that were much stronger than the Romanian ones. 251 half-track. In this sense they were an alternative to the Independent tank battalions that were attached to various Infantry Divisions. 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