Many whites, too, were saved by him from a dreadful death. Pennsylvania had much to offer them. He became a surveyor, finally settling in Bedford. Among them, George Cahoon, George and William Galloway, Andreas Lycon, David Huddleson, James and Thomas Parker, Owen McKeeb, William White, John McClure, Richard Kirkpatrick, James Murray, John Scott, John Cowan, Simon Girtee, John Killough, James Blair, Moses Moore, Andrew and Arthur Dunlap, Andrew and Alexander McCartie, David Lewis, Felix Doyle, Robert Baker, John Armstrong and John Potts. ... Pennsylvania, created by Wayne Fettro. After nearly a century of migration, the Scots Irish became one of the largest non-English ethnic groups in Pennsylvania, composing approximately 25 percent of Philadelphia’s population and 15 percent of the state’s population in 1790; they were also among the most influential. Scots-Irish, Pennsylvania Dutch Publisher Harrisburg, Pa. : Harrisburg Publishing Company Collection cornell; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor Cornell University Library Contributor usage rights See terms Language English Old Side Presbyterians responded by founding their own schools. Scots Irish Presbyterians also had a profound impact on higher education in the region. Dublin: The Mercier Press, 1981. The Lowland Scottish names draw very heavily from the western seaboard counties of the Lowlands, with many families from Ayrshire, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Renfrew (using the older county names). He says: "We have many thousands of foreigners, mostly Palatines, so called already in the country, of whom fifteen hundred came in this last summer, many of them surly people, divers papists among them, and the men generally well armed. Probably the most beautiful valley lying on the Juniata, looking out upon Lewistown and extending many miles westward, is the Kishicoquillas. Because of their participation in the notorious Paxton Boys’ “massacre” of the Christianized Conestoga Indians at Lancaster (1763) and their eagerness to fight brutally against Native American, French, and British enemies during first the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and then the American Revolution (1776–83), scholars have often portrayed them as violent Indian-haters and frontier ruffians. Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish, a hybrid people of Scots and Irish ancestry, were the most numerically predominant group within an Irish diaspora migration that brought between 250,000 and 500,000 Irish immigrants (most of them Protestants from Ulster and predominately Presbyterians) to America between 1700 and 1820. Scots-Irish and palatinate German settlers that had arrived under such contracts were often commingled in frontier communities. Ulster Presbyterians and the Scots Irish Diaspora, 1750–1764. Scots Irish political participation continued during the early republic when they strengthened their control of state politics with the election of one of their own, the Chester County–born attorney and state Supreme Court Justice Thomas McKean (1734–1817) as the state’s Democratic-Republican governor (1799–1808). He later served three terms as Pennsylvania’s first Democratic-Republican governor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. The charge was a total fabrication. The church’s influence continued into the twenty-first century, as the Synod of the Trinity (formerly the Synod of Philadelphia) remained one of the largest synods in the church. Doubtless these were descendants. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. Even varieties, the Quakers, Moravians, Huguenots, and others have been sketched and their histories told, but as yet no friendly hand has gathered and garnered the memorials of that hardy race, the Scotch-Irish, which did so much for Pennsylvania in planting cabins, breaking up the virgin soil, and subduing the earth— none has recounted all the hardships endured, the dangers met, the defenses against the red … A Town In-Between: Carlisle, Pennsylvania and the Early Mid-Atlantic Interior. Freeman , departed from and arrived at an unknown port. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. This claim that Penn invited settlers was true, and is evident from Logan's letter; for nothing less could have induced so many to sail from Germany and Ireland. From York county came Judge Hugh Henry Breckenridge and James Ross, of Pittsburg, Senator Rowan, of Kentucky, and James Smith, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. However, the population of the city of Philadelphia did not match the demographic composition of the arrivals to its port. Ideal as a quick reference book, The Scots Irish of Early Pennsylvania is an important addition to the Pennsylvania Historical Association’s redesigned Pennsylvania History Series, which presents scholarly work in a “compact and accessible form” for use in classrooms and public history settings. Such was the first phase of the Scotch-Irish settlement in Pennsylvania, extending from the Delaware to the Susquehanna and from the Susquehanna to the Alleghenies. An American widow’s account of her travels in Ireland in 1844–45 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. Especially numerous were these descents during the Revolutionary war. The purpose of this brief sketch is not to perform this meritorious work, or to trace the race to early centuries, in search of the causes-which formed its character. Bankhurst, Benjamin. Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish thus contributed to the Philadelphia region in many positive ways, including by shaping the religious landscape. Following Tennent’s death in 1743, Beatty assumed his former mentor’s role as pastor of the local Presbyterian church. It is celebrated as the early home of Logan, the Mingo chief and white man's friend, but who was afterward found on the Ohio, where all his kindred were murdered by the whites, making him an enemy; and whose speech was made famous by Jefferson, telling the world of his wrongs, and that not a drop of his blood ran in the veins of a single human being. Some settled about Marietta and below Columbia. Join the discussion at a Greater Philadelphia Roundtable or add your nomination online. The provincial government organized still further counties as the frontier was filled up: York in 1749, Cumberland in 1750, and Bedford 1771, not to … The men of no nation have done more for permanency and wealth of the state. Bruceton Mills, WV: Scotpress. The Scotch-Irish in America tells the story of how the hardy breed of men and women, who in America came to be known as the ‘Scotch-Irish’, was forged in the north of Ireland during the seventeenth century. Maria, passengers sworn in Londonderry, Ireland, 30 March 1804 and arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania St. George , departed from Liverpool, England and arrived in New York, 1847. But the German emigration from the Palatinates on the Rhine, beginning as early as 1700, and continuing into the middle of the century, brought to our shores a race equal in industry, but more local in habits. Among the early settlers of the valley was George Woods, once captured and given to an old Indian, who was unable to control him, and finally consented to let him go. They were stereotyped as frontier ruffians and Indian haters. Robert Fulton, the inventor of the modern steamboat, was of this stock and born in Lancaster county. Our Events. A varied scene of sun and shade, prairie and stream, carpeted with grass and flowers, intermingled with trees and shrubs, it was the favorite haunt of the Redmen until reached by the Scotch-Irish, who soon dispossessed its early owners and made it their own. Judith Ridner is an associate professor of history at Mississippi State University. In that part of York, now Adams county, we have the McPhersons, McLellands, Campbells, Allisons, Wilsons, Morrisons, Stewarts, Worrells and others, claiming extraction from the same source. Despite such gains, Scots Irish influence gradually waned during the nineteenth century. The Ocean Plague: or, A Voyage to Quebec in an Irish Emigrant Vessel. Since all the good land near the coast had been spoken for, this early group moved west, settling in Chester, Dauphin, and Lancaster Counties in east-central Pennsylvania. The book is also available in Kindle. Collisions between the Germans and Scotch-Irish occuring, induced the proprietaries, in 1755, to encourage the Germans to locate in the east, while the Irish went westward. It was the violent conduct of the "Paxton boys" at Conestoga and Lancaster toward the Indians, which perhaps caused much prejudice to arise against the race. When the transatlantic religious revival known as the Great Awakening (approximately 1730–60) bitterly split Scots Irish Presbyterians into New Sides who favored conversion and Old Sides who adhered to the primacy of scripture, it heightened Presbyterian commitments to education. Aughwick, a valley looking out upon the Juniata, between 1750 and 1755, brought into notice a remarkable character, Captain Jack, known as the "Black Rifle," or "wild hunter of the Juniata," a giant in stature and strength, active, skillful, brave and familiar with the woods. Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish, a hybrid people of Scots and Irish ancestry, were the most numerically predominant group within an Irish diaspora migration that brought between 250,000 and 500,000 Irish immigrants (most of them Protestants from Ulster and predominately Presbyterians) to America between 1700 and 1820. Required fields are marked *, Copyright © 2021 Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, Native American-Pennsylvania Relations 1681-1753, Native American-Pennsylvania Relations, 1754-89, Digital Paxton (Library Company of Philadelphia), Resources about the "Philadelphia Riots" from Villanova Digital Collections (Falvey Memorial Library, Villanova University), Presbyterian Historical Society Digital Collection, Thomas McKean (Historical Society of Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, the Place that Loves You Back, Scotch Irish Foundation Library and Archives Collection. We have from the north of Ireland great numbers yearly. For example, while about 7,500 Scots Irish and Irish migrants arrived in Pennsylvania before 1740 (about twenty thousand in the American colonies), only about 20 percent of these migrants resided in Philadelphia. Scotch Irish Foundation Library and Archives Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia. New Side Presbyterian evangelicals such as the Ulster-born Rev. Although that government model lasted only until 1790, it was the most radical state government of the revolutionary period. The Scotch-Irish followed the river valleys, keeping north of the disputed border line of Maryland. Beverly sold this land to Scots-Irish immigrating from Pennsylvania for half a shilling per acre, primarily because the land would have reverted back to the English Crown if not cultivated within a certain period of time. United Irishmen, United States: Immigrant Radicals in the Early Republic. Media Gallery. For that reason, it conveys the reality of the calamity in a much more telling way. The Scots Irish, who could claim a heritage as proud patriots and republicans during the Revolution and its aftermath, reacted defensively by aligning themselves with America’s white, Protestant, and sometimes xenophobic cultural mainstream. The Scots Irish were one of early Pennsylvania’s largest non-English immigrant groups. In Pennsylvania the Scots-Irish established an almost complete domination of the outer reaches of the old Quaker colony. Because of their participation in this and other attacks, as well as their eagerness to fight brutally against Native American, French, and British enemies during first Seven Years’ War and then the American Revolution, the Scots Irish often have been portrayed as violent Indian-haters and frontier ruffians. It is said that in 1748, the Kittoctinny valley was well settled by them, and they still pressed westward. In politics, the Scots Irish held many critical political leadership positions in the state. Wilson, David A. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2008. "The Barrens," as a part of York county was called, contained a large settlement of this people. I am still looking for direct information for my Patrick ancestry. When the Ulster-born minister Francis Makemie (1658–1708) founded the first presbytery in the colonies at Philadelphia in 1706, Presbyterians claimed the Delaware Valley as their own. “‘A Fiddler was a Great Acquisition for Any Neighborhood’: Traditional Music and Ulster Culture on the Pennsylvania Frontier.” In a letter of April 14, 1573, in reference to descendants of "gallowglass" mercenaries from Scotland who had settled in Ireland, Elizabeth I of England wrote: As this people came the Scotch-Irish gradually retired, inclining westward. Among them are Boyds, Browns, Craigs, Walkers, Kings and McNairs, Hays, Latimore, Wilson, Young, Gibson, Riddle, Armstrong and Gray. The surnames are very typically 'Scots-Irish.'. She is the author of A Town In-Between: Carlisle, Pennsylvania and the Early Mid-Atlantic Interior (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010) and The Scots Irish of Early Pennsylvania (to be published in 2017 by Temple University Press for the Pennsylvania Historical Association). Still westward were the Caldwells, Tussey, Ricketts, Bell, Travis, Dean, Donaldson, Mitchell and many others. The English, Swedes, Germans and Welsh have had earnest friends to collect and preserve the records of their coming, occupancy and acts. Both they and the Palatines pretend they will buy, but not one in twenty has any thing to pay with. The Scots Irish. Gilmore, Peter. Many a warrior, overtaken by his merciless and unflagging pursuit, fell before his unerring rifle, and the scalp-lock hung from his girdle. On the eve of the American Revolution in 1775, more than 250,000 Scots-Irish called the New World home. Finally, with Philadelphia as the headquarters of the Presbyterian Church in America, the Delaware Valley also offered Scots Irish Presbyterians the promise of a spiritual home. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. This happened in part because the new waves of more predominately Irish Catholic immigrants who began to arrive after 1815, and especially during the famine migrations of the late 1840s and 1850s, challenged what it meant to be Irish in America. It is true they often located without pre-emption, but they were bold and hardy, and the very men to meet the privations of the wilderness and stand against the incursions of savage foes. Presbyterians also founded Arcadia, Wilson, Waynesburg, and Westminster Colleges. The Ulster-born Rev. His conferences with the Indians at Logstown in 1751, Fort Pitt in 1759, and Redstone in 1768, and his journals of these events remain us lasting memorials of his strong character and attachment to the province. The establishment of their first American synod at Philadelphia and the creation of new presbyteries at New Castle, Delaware, and Long Island, New York, cemented these regional ties in 1717. Their advent into Northampton was very early, and chiefly in Allen township. In the proceedings against the Irish many cabins were burned. (Historical Society of Pennsylvania). While some stayed in Pennsylvania, many other families left the region in search of new opportunities elsewhere beginning in the eighteenth century. Hence the name of the "Burnt Cabins" a locality formerly well known. An excellent summary to help put the people of the time in context. “Scots-Irish” Words from Pennsylvania’s Mountains, Taken from the Shoemaker Collection. The Indians claimed the lands along the Juniata, and complained of their encroachments. Popular histories of Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish associate them mostly with the expansion of the colonial frontier, where, as prototypical American backwoodsmen, they built log cabins, farmed and traded, wove flax into linen, distilled whiskey, and fought Native Americans. Prostrated at first, soon desolation gave place to revenge, and raising a small band he pursued the savage marauders of the valley from time to time, like a hound on the panther's track. As historian Patrick Griffin noted, this population growth came about because Scots Irish and Irish migrants reported cheap, plentiful, and bountiful land to their friends and family back in Ireland. They say the proprietor invited people to come and settle his country; they came for that end, and must live. Nothing could be more fitting than that a congress of Scotch-Irishmen should meet in this place and amidst these surroundings. Mrs Nicholson’s recollections of her tour among the peasantry are still revealing and gripping today. The Mid-Atlantic, particularly Pennsylvania, was thus the first American home of the Scots Irish, serving as the cradle for their culture. Be it, that long before John Knox, its virtues began and settled in a strain of men, patriotic, zealous in pure religion, undaunted in courage, fixed in principle, endowed in body, and endued in mind, with strength, vigor, endurance, clearness and readiness. These names strike me forcibly, as many are names (christian and surname) of persons I knew in my early practice in Beaver county. Though scarcely tolerated at first, their industry, firm principles, religious convictions, unbounded courage, personal vigor and superior knowledge, made them leaders and impressed their qualities on every soil they occupied. American images of bluegrass bands and square dances originated with the Scots-Irish. Many of the Irish settled in Paxton and Donegal townships, then in Lancaster, now in Dauphin county. Yet something remains, and to rescue it before night has veiled it in darkness, is the duty of those who can lift any part from the gloom of the past. The following extract from Logan's letter to John Penn, of November 25, 1727, throws light on the subject. Many Scots Irish reputations were made in the struggle for independence. “Old Side” critics bemoaned the unconventional preaching style Tennent encouraged among his pupils. Also, Gooch needed the Scots-Irish as a "valuable buffer between the Native American tribes and the English planters." In the early settlement of the province, the Scotch-Irish were found in the eastern counties in Chester and along the Maryland line, and in Northampton, Lancaster and Northumberland, then filling all the eastern part of the province. Hoping to furnish a small contribution to this stock, and to the cultivation of a long deserted field, I pen this short sketch. This is a list of notable Scotch-Irish Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American descendants.The Scotch-Irish trace their ancestry to Lowland Scottish and Northern English people, but through having stayed a few generations in Ulster.This list is ordered by surname within section. In Pennsylvania and Virginia support by the Scotch-Irish may have been decisive in shaping state constitutions that were extraordinarily liberal for the times. Their violent resistance against the whiskey tax during the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) and their especially vicious destruction of Philadelphia’s Catholic Irish immigrant neighborhoods during the city’s “Bible riots” (1844) not only confirmed their reputed predilection for violence, but ensured that historians would regard them as racists and nativists, too. Many of the earliest Scots-Irish immigrants (of the 1720s and 1730s) first settled in Pennsylvania. DESCRIPTION OF THE WAGON TRAIL: The Scotch-Irish followed the river valleys, keeping north of the disputed border line of Maryland generous Pennsylvania to the southwest. Perhaps among the results of this late activity a partial history will spring from the seeds of investigation, clothe it with verdure, and prevent the memorials of a noble race from dying out and its achievements from being lost to the world. Thank you for this researched article. They claimed, for example, that the Conestoga Indians gave information to violent groups of Native Americans that were terrorizing rural residents and farmers. At first, they followed the Great Wagon Road into the southern backcountries of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. In Pennsylvania power was wrested from the Philadelphia Quakers and given to the majority of the people, thanks to the combined efforts of Scotch-Irish, German, and non-Quaker English settlers in the western regions. The principal incursion was that of 1778 (known as the "great run away,") when all the settlers of that region fled. The growing colony and its practice of purchasing lands from Indians also offered newcomers abundant rural lands and a generally peaceful climate in which to settle. President James Buchanan was a Scots-Irish son of Pennsylvania, one of thirteen Presidents with Ulster family links, and many other illustrious citizens of the Keystone State trace their roots to immigrants who crossed the Atlantic from the North of Ireland. Philadelphia was one of their principal destinations. In 1724, James Logan, secretary of the province, said of them: "As they rudely approach me to propose purchase I look upon them as bold and indigent strangers, giving as their excuse, when challenged for titles, that we had solicited for colonists and they had come accordingly.". The ethnic breakdown on European immigration into the port of Philadelphia suggests the white ethnic diversity of the mid-Atlantic region. In actuality, Pennsylvania’s Scots Irish were a socioeconomically diverse immigrant group from a variety of class, occupational, and educational backgrounds. During the initial immigration in the 1700’s, the group who would become the Scots-Irish went mostly to Pennsylvania. Eight or nine ships this last fall discharged at New Castle. Hofstra, Warren R. Ulster to America: The Scots Irish Migration Experience, 1680–1830. Both these sets frequently sit down on any spot of vacant land they can find, without asking question. advantages; these Scots Irish immigrants came to Pennsylvania as indentured servants, traveling alone, rather than in family groups. Many of the Ulster Scots migrants, or their descendants, decided that migration could once again be their salvation. The book’s narrative is approachable, structured along subheadings, and interspersed with … 11 T. C. Smout, N. C. Landsman and T. M. Devine, ―Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,‖ in Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500-1800, edited by Following the path through the Great Valley, many Ulstermen now went into the rich Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, whose southern extremity opened out toward North and South Carolina. They arrived in two major waves at the ports of New Castle, Delaware, and Philadelphia between 1710 and 1776 and then again between 1780 and 1820. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2012. From The Scotch-Irish in America : Proceedings and Addresses of the Second Congress at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 29 to June 1, 1890. To reinforce their claims as pioneers and weave themselves into the fabric of the nation’s founding, they established organizations such as the Pennsylvania Scotch Irish Society (1889) to preserve their history, “keep alive the spirit de corps of the Scotch Irish people,” and promote their unique contributions to American culture. The Presbyterian presence in the region grew quickly thereafter, with new congregations and meetinghouses closely following the founding of Scots Irish settlements near Philadelphia and in the colony’s growing backcountry. In 1750, Richard Peters, the secretary, made an elaborate report to Governor Hamilton, on the subject of these alleged encroachments and the steps taken to dispossess the settlers, ending in numerous convictions and expulsions. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. Ridner, Judith A. Farther on and nearer Standing Stone (now Hunt-ington), were Elliott, Hayne, Cluggage, McMurtrie, Anderson, McGuire, McElevey, McCormick, Donnelly and others. They were stereotyped as frontier ruffians and Indian haters. Wokeck, Marianne S. Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. However, the Paxton Boys argued that that even peaceful Native Americans were untrustworthy and had the potential to do harm to rural Pennsylvania residents. Presbyterian minister William Tennent founded this school in 1726 to train evangelically-minded clergy. They also mocked Tennent for attempting to educate poor country boys, derisively referring to his academy as the “Log College.”. 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