The head and shoulders of the Elasmosaurus probably acted as a rudder. <<
[22][2], The pectoral and pelvic girdles of the holotype specimen were noted as missing by 1906, but observations about these elements were since made based on the original descriptions and figures from the late 19th century. He bore reservations about its referral to the genus, and he recognized that it possibly pertained to another genus. There is always the possibility that is all in people’s minds, but with so many witnesses over the years it’s hard to believe there isn’t some truth to the matter. /Type /Action Mosasaurus Vs Plesiosaur.
[69], In 1940 Theodore White published a hypothesis on the interrelationships between different plesiosaurian families.
>> >> The neck alone was around 7.1 meters (23 ft) long. 8 . (?)
[28], In 1869 Cope also published an article about the fossil reptiles of New Jersey, wherein he described E. orientalis as an animal with a "long neck". [79] Ketchum and Benson's 2010 analysis included Elasmosaurus in the former group. >> The living animal would have been slightly larger due to cartilage present between the vertebral bodies, and was estimated by Cope at roughly 13.7 meters (45 ft). Maybe these lake monsters are misidentified modern animals. /Subtype /Link /Resources 25 0 R <<
He characterized elasmosaurids by their long necks and small heads, as well as by their rigid and well-developed scapulae (but atrophied or absent clavicles and interclavicles) for forelimb-driven locomotion.
[24][43] Williston also reassigned the species E. ischiadicus from the genus Polycotylus, where he had initially placed it when he named it in 1903.
[24], Carpenter's 1997 phylogenetic analysis of plesiosaurs challenged the traditional subdivision of plesiosaurs based on neck length. /A << /URI (http://oogoro.easterndns.com/Esq-r) The vertebrae were, according to Cope, the shortest among members of the genus (approaching Cimoliasaurus in this condition), but he still considered them as belonging to Elasmosaurus due to their compressed form. The known teeth of the front part of the lower jaw were large fangs, and the teeth at the back of the jaws appear to have been smaller. The neural spine was low and directed upwards and back. [2][3][16][17] In 2018, Davidson and Everhart documented the events leading up to the disappearance of these fossils, and suggested that a photo and drawing of Waterhouse's workshop from 1869 appear to show concretions on the floor that may have been the unprepared girdles of Elasmosaurus.
Though Cope had tried to destroy the preprints, one copy came to the attention of the American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, who made light of the mistake. The researchers concluded that lateral and vertical arches and shallow S-shaped curves were feasible in contrast to the "swan-like" S-shape neck postures that required more than 360° of vertical flexion. A second specimen, discovered by Elias West in 1890, was also assigned by him to E. The first of these vertebrae was used as a doorstop in a tailor's shop, whereas the other was found in a pit by Samuel Lockwood, a superintendent. Six years of new plesiosaur replicas (2012-2017), Book review: Kronos Rising: Kraken (vol. The pre-and post-zygapophyses of the neck vertebrae, processes that articulated adjacent vertebrae so they fit together, were of equal length; the former reached entirely over the level of the centrum whereas the latter reached only with their back half. The lower part of the centra were rounded from the first to the third tail vertebrae, but concave from the fourth to the 18th. [22], Unlike those of many other long-necked animals, the individual neck vertebrae were not particularly elongated; rather, the extreme neck length was achieved by a much increased number of vertebrae. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}. /A << I also saw Champ in a book and a photo with a caption said something like "scientists could not prove this photo as a fraud. >> One was E. helmerseni, which was first described by W. Kiprijanoff in 1882 from Maloje Serdoba, Saratov, as Plesiosaurus helmerseni. Elasmosaurus (/ɪˌlæzməˈsɔːrəs, -moʊ-/;[1]) is a genus of plesiosaur that lived in North America during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 80.5 million years ago. It's very rare to witness modern marine mammals giving birth to their young, so imagine how difficult it is to determine the birthing style of an 80-million-year-old marine reptile. /S /URI /Creator (�� w k h t m l t o p d f 0 . Elasmosaurids probably ate small fish and marine invertebrates, seizing them with their long teeth, and may have used gastroliths (stomach stones) to help digest their food. Further back in the front part of the neck, around the 25th vertebra, the lower edge of the articular facets became more concave, and the facet shaped like a quadrate with rounded edges. /Type /Annot Too many people have sought the beast with no luck. He found no evidence of a clavicle or an interclavicle in the shoulder girdle of Elasmosaurus; he noted that the absence of the latter bone was also seen in a number of other plesiosaur specimens, which he named as new elasmosaurid genera: Eretmosaurus, Colymbosaurus, and Muraenosaurus. The transverse processes here were very short, and the rib facets increased in size from the first to the fourth sacral vertebra. It´s a grand tale but in my opinion there´s nothing down there. What are the chances a prehistoric sea beast may have survived all of these thousands of years, its ancestors now taking the form of the lake and sea monsters of our legends? /ColorSpace <<
Some are plesiosaur-like, such as Nessie, while others are serpentine. << In 2008 Patrick Druckenmiller and Anthony Russell moved the Polycotylidae back into the Pliosauroidea, and placed Leptocleidus as their sister group in the newly named Leptocleidoidea;[28] Adam Smith and Gareth Dyke independently found the same result in the same year. [34] Danielle Serratos, Druckenmiller, and Benson could not resolve the position of Elasmosaurus in 2017, but they noted that Styxosaurinae would be a synonym of Elasmosaurinae if Elasmosaurus did fall within the group. 5 0 obj << The generic name Elasmosaurus means "thin-plate reptile", in reference to the "plate" bones of the sternal and pelvic regions, and the specific name platyurus means "flat-tailed", in reference to the compressed "tail" (actually the neck) and laminae of the vertebrae there.
>> This is disputed as there would be large hydrostatic pressure differences, particularly for the extremely long-necked elasmosaurids. The plesiosaur hypothesis is by far the most interesting theory to explain Loch Ness Monster sightings. Just a thought.PS. [32] Three shorter vertebrae found alongside E. intermedius, assigned by Cope to the new genus and species Embaphias circulosus,[42] were also considered by Welles to be a nomen dubium in 1962. It is uncertain how many teeth Elasmosaurus had, due to the fragmentary state of the fossils.
The pre-zygapophyses here were shorter than those in the neck and pectoral vertebrae, and only reached above the level of the centrum with the front third of their length. /Subtype /Link [31][32][34] Their analysis also moved Muraenosaurus to the Cryptoclididae, and Microcleidus and Occitanosaurus to the Plesiosauridae;[30] Benson and Druckenmiller isolated the latter two in the group Microcleididae in 2014, and considered Occitanosaurus a species of Microcleidus.
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